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多喝咖啡當(dāng)真有益延年益壽?看看科研結(jié)果怎么說(shuō)

多喝咖啡當(dāng)真有益延年益壽?看看科研結(jié)果怎么說(shuō)

Sy Mukherjee 2018-07-15
研究發(fā)現(xiàn),喝咖啡的人死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比不沾咖啡的人低。

不管是沉迷已久的狂熱咖啡粉絲,還是普通的咖啡愛(ài)好者,好消息來(lái)了:一項(xiàng)新研究發(fā)現(xiàn),喝咖啡可能有利于長(zhǎng)壽。

該研究耗時(shí)十余年,研究結(jié)果發(fā)表在醫(yī)學(xué)期刊JAMA Internal Medicine上。通過(guò)英國(guó)的大型基因與健康數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)Biobank,美國(guó)國(guó)家癌癥研究所(NCI)的研究人員分析了將近50萬(wàn)人的數(shù)據(jù),報(bào)告中指出:“這項(xiàng)研究進(jìn)一步證明,咖啡可能是健康食譜的一部分,也讓咖啡愛(ài)好者感到安心。”

上述研究成果令各類咖啡愛(ài)好者感到鼓舞,包括低咖啡因粉絲、速溶咖啡愛(ài)好者,體內(nèi)有與代謝咖啡相關(guān)基因的人,甚至一天能狂喝八杯咖啡的人。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),喝咖啡的人死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比不沾咖啡的人低,這且與喝咖啡的習(xí)慣有一定關(guān)系。

這項(xiàng)關(guān)于咖啡引人矚目的發(fā)現(xiàn)在科學(xué)角度上能否站得???會(huì)不會(huì)又是一次高估咖啡功效卻缺乏細(xì)節(jié)的公共健康報(bào)告?讓我們來(lái)看看數(shù)據(jù)。

首先需要說(shuō)明:兩件事物有相關(guān)性不代表有因果關(guān)系。單單喝咖啡未必有益健康。但是綜合分析幾十項(xiàng)研究,涉及數(shù)以百萬(wàn)人的案例,現(xiàn)有研究文獻(xiàn)的確顯示,飲用更多咖啡有利于降低罹患心臟病和中風(fēng)等心血管疾病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(也是美國(guó)人的頭號(hào)殺手)。為《紐約時(shí)報(bào)》撰寫醫(yī)療健康相關(guān)專欄的兒科醫(yī)生、兒科教授阿倫·卡羅爾歸納了一些數(shù)字:

經(jīng)過(guò)觀察長(zhǎng)期飲用咖啡與心血管疾病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的研究,(2014年)發(fā)表了一項(xiàng)系統(tǒng)性評(píng)估和綜合分析。研究者調(diào)查了涉及超過(guò)127萬(wàn)參與者的36項(xiàng)研究。綜合數(shù)據(jù)顯示,如果參與者飲用適量咖啡、一天喝大概三到五杯,罹患心血管疾病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)最低,如果一天最少喝五杯咖啡,患病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)也不會(huì)超過(guò)不喝咖啡的人。

卡羅爾進(jìn)而指出,雖然某些獨(dú)立的研究認(rèn)為,過(guò)多飲用咖啡可能和罹患癌癥有關(guān)聯(lián),但綜合性的分析發(fā)現(xiàn)未必存在相關(guān)性,咖啡對(duì)肝癌等某些癌癥治療甚至能起一定作用。

相關(guān)研究的問(wèn)題在于,結(jié)論往往來(lái)自觀察,而觀察結(jié)果本身具有一些局限性。比如調(diào)查對(duì)象單方面表述信息,可能無(wú)法控制所有相關(guān)因素。假如采取隨機(jī)的對(duì)照測(cè)試,讓參與者處在受控的環(huán)境中逐個(gè)研究,對(duì)咖啡對(duì)人體健康的影響可能解釋更清楚。另外要重申一點(diǎn),大量現(xiàn)有數(shù)據(jù)顯示,喝咖啡對(duì)大多數(shù)人至少無(wú)害,甚至可能對(duì)很多人有益(前提是不要咖啡里加入太多奶和糖)。(財(cái)富中文網(wǎng))

譯者:Pessy

審稿:夏林

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Good news for coffee lovers—including those who indulge heavily: Yet another study has found a link between drinking coffee and a longer life.

“This study provides further evidence that coffee drinking can be part of a healthy diet and offers reassurance to coffee drinkers,” wrote the National Cancer Institute (NCI) researchers, who analyzed data from nearly 500,000 people through the U.K. Biobank, a large-scale genomic and health database. The study took place over 10 years and the findings were published in the journal JAMA Internal Medicine.

The results were encouraging for coffee drinkers of all stripes; decaf devotees, instant coffee lovers, those who have variants of the genes associated with metabolizing caffeine, even people who drink up to eight cups of coffee per day—drinking coffee was associated with a lower mortality risk over the study period compared to non-coffee drinkers.

So is all of the glowing research around coffee consumption scientifically sound, or yet another case of over-hyped public health reporting lacking nuance? Let’s take a look at the data.

First things first: Correlation does not imply causation. Simply drinking coffee isn’t necessarily a health panacea. But the existing literature, including meta-analyses aggregating dozens of coffee studies involving millions of people, do show some notable associations between people who report drinking more coffee and protective effects against cardiovascular disease (the number one killer of Americans) like heart disease and stroke. Aaron Carroll, a pediatrician and professor of pediatrics who writes public health-related columns for the New York Times rounds up some of the numbers:

[In 2014], a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies looking at long-term consumption of coffee and the risk of cardiovascular disease was published. The researchers found 36 studies involving more than 1,270,000 participants. The combined data showed that those who consumed a moderate amount of coffee, about three to five cups a day, were at the lowest risk for problems. Those who consumed five or more cups a day had no higher risk than those who consumed none.

Carroll goes on to note that, while individual studies have suggested a possible link between excess coffee consumption and cancer, aggregated analyses don’t necessarily find the same correlation, and coffee may even have a protective effect against certain cancers like liver cancer.

The rub with these studies is that they tend to be observational ones, and those come with limitations. For instance, they rely on self-reported information and may not control for every relevant factor. Randomized control trials pitting study participants head to head in a controlled setting could help provide more definitive answers on precisely how coffee affects your health. Then again, the data that is available overwhelmingly suggests that, at the very least, it’s not bad for the vast majority of people, and it might even be good for many (provided you’re not overloading your drink with milk and sugar).

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